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THE  HISTORY  OF  THE   IIJFAIJTRY  DRILL  REGULATIONS 
OF  THE  UTJITED  STATES  ARMY 

By  Noxon  Toomey 


St.  Louis,  Mo. 
July,  1917 


THE  HISTORY  OF  THE   IHFAITTRY  DRILL  REGULATIONS 
OF  THE  TOUTED  STATES  ARMY 

By  Noxon  Toomey 


4< 


St.  Louis,  Mo. 
July,  1917 


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THE  HISTORY  OF  THE  INFANTRY  DRILL  REGULATIONS  •    '   • 

OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  ARMY.* 

By  Noxon  Toomey 

Before  the  years  of  the  Revolutionary  War  the  British  colonies  in  America  sup- 
ported royal  militia  companies  modeled  on  the  plan  of  the  Militia  of  England.  By  a 
Soyal  order  of  1764  these  companies  were  poorly  instructed  in  the  infantry  drill  of 
the  British  regulars  (l)  which  was  adapted  from  the  regulations  of  the  Prussian  in- 
fantry. The  Prussian  drill  was  devised  by  by  Leopold  I.j  Frincc  of  Anhalt-Dessau, 
who  taught  it  to  the  regiments  of  Frederick  the  Great  and  made  of  them  a  well  drill- 
ed army.  The  militias  of  the  provinces  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  Connecticut  and  Rhode 
Island  were  instructed  in  the  taotios  of   the  Norfolk  militia  of  1759.(2)  The  Norfolk 
tactics  was  the  drill  of  the  old  train  bands  and  in  them  one  finds  for  the  last  time 
the  manual  cf  the  halberd  and  and  pike. (3) 

Such  training  -the  Continental  armies  had  was  in  the  British  drill  and  not  until 
the  spring  of  1773,  at  Valley  Forge,  were  they  drilled  by  Baron  von  Steuben.**   The 
practical  work  of  Steuben  resulted  in  his  publishing  his  Regulations  (4)  in  1779. 
These  Regulations  were  no";  a  translation  of  the  Prussian  tactics,  as  frequently  stat- 
ed, but  were  an  adaptation  based  on  the  Prussian  drill.  They  were  made  official  by 
the  Continental  Ceivjress  on  March  29,  1779.  in  1732,  after  Congress  had  authorized 
the  Army  of  the  United  States,  it  made  Steuben's  Regulations  the  official  drill  sys- 
tem for  it,  but  militia  regiments  were  permitted  to  use  any  drill  system.  Steuben's 
plan  of  drill  remained  official  for  the  regular  army  until  March  30,  1812  when  they 
were  superceeded  by  Smyth's  tactics,  However,  Steuben's  Regiilations  were  followed  by 
the  larger  part  of  the  regular  army  until  1815  and  by  part  of  the  militia  until  1820, 
Steuben's  Regulations  were  out  of  print  by  1808  and  from  that  date  until  the  close  of 
the  second  war  with  England  there  was  no  uniformity  in  infantry  drill,  as  several  dif- 
ferent systems  were  in  use.  The  characteristics  of  Stcuben:s  plan  of  drill  nas  the 
omission  of  all  that  was  not  practical  arid  useful,  and  the  providing  for  a  greater 
openness  of  movements  and  formations  during  combat.  He  found  that  the  Continental 
soldiers  had  discarded  their  bayonets  as  of  no  value.  Due  to  riis  teaching  of  the  use 
and  value,  of  the  bayonet,  Stcney  Point  was  later  taken  by  a  bayonet  charge,  not  a 
shot  being  fired.  He  stopped  the  men  from  taking  home  their  muskets  as  keepsakes  and 
insisted  upon  the  proper  c?.re  of  accoutrement. 

The  first  of  the  unofficial  systems  to  be  introduced  was  the  French  system  of 
1791  ***  as  modified  by  Napoleon  in  1805.  The  Napoleonic  system  was  introduced  by 
ic  I«iald  who  published  in  1807  a  quite  poor  translation  of  the  Ercnch  tactics(5). 
This  translation- was  republished  in  1809  by  Lieut, "Col.  William  Duanc,  of  the  Rifles, 
in  his  America*  Military  Library. (6)  A  somewhat  corrected  edition  was  published  in 
Boston  by  Colonel  Dc  Lacroix  in  1810.(7)  A  >-ork  published  in  Boston  in  1811  by  Gen. 


*  Only  two  articles  have  been  published  on  the  history  of  the  United  States  In- 
fantry drill: 

1-  The  History  of  our  Tactics.  An  unsigned  editorial  in  the  Army  and  Navy 
Journal,  February  11,  1888. 

2-  History  of  the  Drill  Regulations.  A  brief  note  appended  to  the  Army  and 
Navy  Journal  edition  of  the  drill  regulations  of  1891. 

See  also:  Lloyd,  E.i^.   A  Review  of  the  History  of  Infantry. 

L»ndsri,  Longmans,  Grown  and  C»,,  1908.  Pp.  xi,303,  bibliography. 
**  Kapp,  Fricdrich   Leben  des  a.vicrikanischcn  Generals  Fricdrich  ".'ilhclm  von 
Steuben.   Philadelphia,  Schacfcr  und  Ksradi,  (e  185C),  xxxvii,  667,  8-vo. 
***  P.ogicmcnt  eoncernant  1 'exercise  ct  ]•?>  .-.anccuvrcs  Ac  l'infanteriej  du  lier. 
o   o  .,    1791, 

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Isaac  Maltby  mot  with  some  favor  in  Massachussetts.(8)  Smirk's  "Review  of  a  Battal- 
ion" was  also  used  in  this  country(9).  At  the  outbreak  of  the  War  of  1812  Colonel 
Alexander  Smyth,  Inspector-General  of  the  Army,  published  a  set  of  drill  regulations 
(10)  at  the  request  of  the  Secretary  of  V/ar.  Smyth's  work  was  a  good  improvement  and 
abridgement  of  Mac  Donald's  translation  of  the  French  tactics.  On  March  30,  1812  the- 
were  ordered  to  superceed  Steuben's  tactics  in  the  regular  army.  In  the  Same  year  wa' 
published  a  second  edition  of  the  work  to  \7hich  Smyth  put  his  name.  This  system  was 
probably  used  somewhat  up  to  1815  although  Duane's  Handbook  was  made  regulation  on  V . 
March  19,  1813. 

In  the  "Hand-book  for  Infantry" (11)  of  William  Duane,  a  former  editor,  we  have 
the  work  of  an  enthusiast  who  undertook  to  diffuse  military  knowledge  in  America.**** 
His  system  of  drill  was  largely  original  and  at  first  incomplete.   Tho  first  part  was 
finished  in  1808  but  not  published  until  1812,  after  it  had  been  voted  on  favorably 
by  the  House  of  Representatives,  while  his  system  was  under  consideration  by  the  Sen- 
ate Colonel  Duane  promised  its  completion.  It  was  then  made  the  regulation  drill  for 
the  army  by  a  General  Order  of  the  "war  Department  on  March  19,  1813.  The  system  was 
completed  in  1814  but  the  War  Department  order  had  done  little  to  spread  its  employ- 
ment, as  only  four  regiments  of  regulars  and  some  of  the  Virginia,  New  York,  Jersey, 
and  Pennsylvania  militia  used  it.  A  small  book  based  on  Duane's  first  publication 
was  printed  in  South  Carolina.  Duane's  plan  of  drill  met  with  much  opposition  due  to 
politics,  and  because  it  was  impractical,  it  resembling  a  fancy  exhibition  drill. 

In  1813  Congress,  either  uninformed  of  the  official  status  of  Duane's  tactics 
or  considering  them  unsuitable,  passed  a  resolution  requesting  the  President  "to 
cause  to  be  prepared  and  laid  before  Congress,  as  soon  as  practicable,  a  military 
system  of  discipline  for  tho  infantry  of  tho  army  and  militia  of  the  United  States". 
Owing  to  the  occupation  of  all  tho  principal  officers  with  the  war,  no  action  was 
token  on  this  resolution,  and  every  tactical  officer  continued  to  use  tho  system  he 
preferred.  The  real  step  towards  training  the  army  was  made  in  1814  when  Major  Gen- 
eral Scott  instructed  in  person  the  two  brigades  of  Brown's  division  in  camp  at  Buf- 
falo. He  used  an  edition  of  Mac  Dodald's  translation  of  the  French  tactics,  probab- 
ly Smyth' e  abridgement,  and  a  copy  of  the  original  French  with  which  to  correct  them. 
It  was  to  that  instruction  that  the  victories  which  followed  are  ascribed.  This  was 
our  first  extensive  use  of  the  French  drill.  In  December  1814,  Congress,  by  resol- 
ution, asked  for  their  revision,  to  adapt  them  to  the  requirements  of  our  army.   A 
board  was  appointed  for  this  purpose,  consisting  of  General  Scott;  General  Swift, 
Chief  of  Engineers;  Lieut-Col.  J.R.  Fenwick,  of  the  Artillery;  Col.  William  dimming, 
Adjutant  General;  and  Col.  William  Drayton  of  the  18th  Infantry.  The  French  tastics 
as  modified  by  this  board  and  ordered  as  regulation  by  the  War  Department  on  Feb. 28, 
1815,  are  known  as  the  "system  of  1815"(12).  Several  states  passod  laws  adopting 
the  system  for  their  militias. 

Previous  to  1816  companies  were  known  by  the  names  of  their  captains,  which 
were  constantly  changing,  and  so  creating  confusion.  At  the  suggestion  of  Col.  C.K. 
Gardiner,  the  present  plan  of  designating  the  companies  by  tho  letters  of  the  alpha- 
bet was  introduced.  Another  important  improvement  was  ordered  May  12,  1820  whwn 
Congress  passed  an  act  requiring  the  militia  to  conform  to  the  drill  regulations  of 
the  United  States  Army. 

The  edition  of  the  system  of  1815  becoming  exhausted  another  board  was  order© 
ed  in  1824.  This  board  consisted  of  General  Scott,  Col,  Hugh  Brady,  Col.  John  R, 
Fenwick,  Capt.  Wm.  J.  Worth,  and  Sylvanus  Thayer.  The  drill  regulations  these  offi- 
cers drew  up  differed  from  the  regulations  of  1815  in  only  minor  matters  such  as 
slight  changes  in  some  commands,  the  posting  of  officers  and  noncommissioned  officers, 
the  placing  of  one  of  the  light  companies  on  tho  left  flank  a6  a  rifle  company,  con- 
verting the  right  flank  company  into  grenadiers,  and  a  few  other  changos.  The  board, 
however,  annotatod  tho  work  with  so  many  "remarks"  that  tho  manual  was  expanded  into 
two  large  volumes.  Those  tactics  wore  transmitted  to  the  War  Department  on  Dec.  15, 
1824,  and  was  ordered  the  regulation  drill  on  Jan,  5,  1825.(13)  As  the  drill  manual 


****  Besides  his  Handbook  he  published  the  American  Military  Library  (1809),  and  a 
a  large  Military  Dictionary  (1810),  without  prospects  of  profit. 


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had  been  mde  too  voluminous  for  tho  uso  of  militia  officors  another  board  was  or- 
dorcd  Cct.  5,  1826.  This  board  finished  an  abstract  of  the  larger  trotfe  on  Dec.  5, 
1826.  Their  abridgement  ms  later  published  for  tho  use  of  tho  militia. (14) 

Although  the  French  tactics  that  our  amy  had  used,  with  several  modifications, 
since  1812  were  accepted  as  satisfactory,  tho  Fronch  in  1827  resolved  upon  a  modi- 
fication of  their  tactics  and  they  established  a  camp  for  experimentation  at  St. Omar. 
Guibort's  track  resulted  from  the  experiments,  and  its  publication  in  France  in  1831 
was  followed  by  an  Act  of  Congress  (April  8,  1834)  authorizing  another  revision  of 
our  infantry  drill.  Again  General  Scott  was  called  upon  and  on  Feb.  3,  1835  ho  gave 
to  tho  war  Department  the  drill  tactics  that  were  made  regulation  on  April  10,  1835, 
(15)  and  were  known  by  his  name  until  largely  suporceoded  by  Hardee's  tactics  in  1855. 
Scott's  drill  required  a  very  stiff  set  up;  its  slow  and  formal  movements  wore  digni- 
fied but  wearisome.  Besides  making  a  few  minor  changes  in  posts  and  commands,  Scott 
sized  the  company  from  rijht  to  left  in  placo  of  tho  previous  custom  of  putting  the 
tallost  men  in  the  rear  rank  and  sizing  equally  from  both  flanks.  Scott's  drill  re- 
quired frequent  countermarching  by  column  closed  in  mass,  \7hich  ho  had  substituted 
for  tho  moving  of  altcrnato  columns  by  flank  outside  of  the  column,  and  then  making 
the  countermarch.  This  frequent  counter  marching  did  not  afford  that  openness  and 
celerity  of  movement  which  the  French  later  f ound  necessary  from  their  experiences 
in  Algiers.  Scott  revised  hiff-tactics  in  1839  but  the  improvements  in  firearms  fi- 
nally compelled  a  change  from  tho  near  -oosc-step  of  hie  drill.  As  the  result  it 
-.-as  ordored  that  Brevet  Lieut. -Col.  '-.'illiam  J.  Hardee,  major,  2d  Cavalry,  vttuldrirea 
pare  a  modification  of  tho  tactics  for  the  French  chasscurs-a-picd  (ordinance  of  1845). 

From  the  peculiarity  of  its  double  quick  step  Hardee *s  TactiCG  wore  known  as 
the  "shanghai  drill".  They  tended  to  a  greater  individualization  of  the  soldier  and 
introduced  a  greater  freedom  of  movement,  but  adhered  to  Scott's  tactics  in  the  prin- 
ciples of  formation.  The  old  method  of  obliquing,  adapted  only  to  mon  with  one  leg 
shorter  than  the  other,  wa3  changed  to  the  more  rational  half -face  method.  The  right- 
about while  marching,  firing  by  ranks,  and  the  comrades  in  battle  principle  woro  also 
introduced,  Harch  29,  1855,  Hardee's  Tactics  were  ordered  to  replace  Scott's  but 
only  as  far  as  to  include  the  school  of  tho  battalion.  (17)  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  TTar  nardoo  joined  the  Confederacy  and  his  tactics  were  used  by  the  Confederate 
armies  throughout  the  war.  During  the  first  year  and  a  half  of  the  war  the  Federal 
troops,  under  an  order  of  Hay  1,  1861,  used  an  exact  reprint  of  Hardco's  work,  which 
did  not  however  mention  his  name. (18) 

The  methods  for  manoouvcring  rogiments  and  brigades  in  combat  as  provided  for 
by  Scott  were  no  longer  used  as  they  had  become  obsolete.  Since  the  reprint  of  Har- 
dee's Tactics  did  not  provide  for  regimental  or  brigade  movements,  two  works  on  the 
evolutions  of  the  line  were  published  unofficially,  one  by  Duf field  and  one  byyCoppee. 
(20)  This  lack  of  satisfactory  methods  for  brigade  movements  caused  the  war  Depart- 
ment to  order,  on  Aug.  11,  1862,  the  adoption  of  the  Infantry  Tactics  of  Brig. -Gen. 
Silas  Casey. (21)  Gen.  Casey  had  been  the  president  of  the  board  that  approved  Har- 
dee's Tactics  in  1854,  and  in  his  .new  work  ho  retained  Hardee's  schools  of  the  sol- 
dier and  of  the  company.  Ho  effocted  only  a  few  changes  in  the  school  of  the  battal- 
ion, as  the  War  Department  would  not  authorize  his  plan  of  skirmish  or  covering  corn- 
pa  nies.  In  his  movements  for  larger  forces  ho  made  the  brigade  the  tactical  unit 
and  introduced  the  deploying  on  heads  of  columns  as  the  means  of  forming  line  of 
batt le . 

Casey's  drill  regulations  wore  suporceoded  by  General  Upton's  system  on  August 
1,  1867.(22)  Upton  modeled  his  tactics  upon  the  foot  drill  of  the  artillery  prepared 
by  Barry  and  Hunt .  In  this  drill  inversions  woro  dispensed  with  and  tho  squad  of 
four  files  was  introduced.  The  all  important  movements  in  Upton's  plan  were  the 
double  ^..'heelings  or  turnings  by  fours,  Upton's  plan  of  drill  contained  sevoral  in- 
ncvations  of  value  such  as  the  introduction  of  bayonet  exorcises,  platoon  movements 
and  the  deploying  as  skirmishers  fron  column.  In  it  we  find  many  of  the  esscncials 
•:"  »ur  present  drill.  Unfortunately  the  descriptions  of  movements  as  given  in  the 
first  edition  of  Upton's  text  were  not  lucidly  i.-rittcn.  The  ambiguities  necessitated 
many  •fficial  interpretations,  and  most  of  his  text  undorwent  minute  dissection  and 

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criticism.  Following  the  work  of  the  Bocrd  convened  in  1869  at  Fort  Leavenworth,  to 
standardize  the  drill  of  the  three  line  services,  Upton  published  in  1873  a  revision 
of  his  drill  regulations.  This  revision  chiefly  effected  a  simplification  in  the  tur- 
nings "by  squads,  end  his  close  order  drill  continued  to  draw-forth  many  suggestions 
for  its  improvement.  At  the  time  of  his  doath  in  1881  Upton  had  nearly  finished  a 
second  revision.  Tvis  revision,  completed  by  General  Alexander,  was  laid  board,  con- 
vened in  Washington,  D.C.  in  February,  1888,  to  revise  the  drill  of  the  light  artil- 
lery, infantry  and  cavalry.  Probably  from  Upton's  last  revision  war  adopted  the 
twelve  company- three  battalion  regiment,  movements  by  sections  of  two  squads ,and  mess 
formations  in  battalion  movements.  After  working  for  three  years  this  Board  composed 
a  system  o  f  infantry  drill  that  was  ordered  by  the  Secretary  of  War  to  supercced 
Upton's  tactics  on  Oct.  3,  1891. 

The  tactics  introduced  in  1891  proved  to  be  quite  satisfactory  and  constituted 
the  main  part  of  the  drill  regulations  that  were  in  force  during  the  Spanish- American 
war  and  the  Fhilippine  insurrection.  The  board  that  prepared  these  tactics  was  com- 
posed of  Lieut. -Cols.  J.C.Bates  anfl  G.B.Sanford,  Majors  H.C.Hasbrouck  and  John  C. 
Gilraore,  Capts.  J.T.Haskell,  3. S.Godfrey  and  J. I.:. Lancaster,  and  Lieuts.  G.Andrew  and 
J. T.French, Jr.  as  recorders.  The  new  drill  system  did  not  depart  frc-i  the  general 
character  of  Upton's  tactics  but  introduced  the  following  improvements:  a  lengthening 
of  the  step  from  28  to  30  inches  and  a  quickening  of  the  cadence  from  110  to  120  per 
minute  with  abolition  of  tho  old  common  time  (cadence  of  SO  per  minute).   In  the  man- 
ual of  arms  the  method  for  inspection  of  arms  and  for  the  stacking  of  arms  was  chang- 
ed, and  "rest  on  arms"  and  "reverse  arms"  were  omitted,  and  "sling  arms"  was  intro- 
duced. The  number  of  setting-up  exercises  was  increased.  The  hand  salute  was  made 
the  same  for  officers  and  men  except  that  officers  were  to  habituclly  salute  with  the 
right  hand  (unless  engaged)  instead  of  the  far  hand.  The  salute  was  ales  made  short* 
er  and  simpler.  As  "target  practice"  had  been  made  the  subject  of  a  special  manual 
it  was  dropped  from  the  drill  book.  In  oxtended  order  drill,  signals  were  introdu- 
ced and  the  principles  of  minor  tactics  were  discussed  more  fully.  Skirmish  move- 
ments were  simplified,  particularly  deployment  and  rallying,  and  the  section  two 
squads  was  introduced  as  a  unit.  In  the  evolution  of  larger  commands  the  old  "close 
column"  was  expanded  into  mass  formations.  Divisional  and  almost  all  formal  brigade 
movements  were  omittod. 

Up  to  1895  the  interpretation  of  the  new  regulations  had  given  rise  to  no  real 
difficulties  and  theyhad  required  no  changes.  However,  when  the  Old  Springfield  ri- 
fle vras  replaced  by  the  Krag-Jorgenscn  riflo  in  1895,  a  new  manual  of  arms  became 
necessary,  so  a  suitable  manual  was  made  official  on  June  17,  1895.  In.  this  new 
manual  "carry  arms"  was  omitted,  "right  shoulder  arms"  was  made  to  correspond  with 
the  old  "left  shoulder  arms",  bayonets  were  fixed  and  unfixed  in  a  different  manner, 
the  riflo  salute  at  the  oarry  was  replaced  by  the  old  "sergeant's  salute"  with  the 
piece  at  the  shoulder.  Thero  were  minute  changes  in  the  other  positions  of  the 
piece,  particularly  "securo  arms".  Owing  to  the  rifle  having  a  magazine,  the  move- 
ments of  "open  chamber"  and  "close  chamber"  wcro  introduced  for  the  purpose  of  in- 
spection. Due  partly  to  the  bolt  mechanism  of  the  rifle  the  commands  for  loadings 
and  firings  were  greatly  changed,  With  the  advent  of  modern  field  artillery  and  the 
necessity  of  employing  United  States  troops  against  forces  armed  with  the  Mauser  ri- 
fle it  was  found  that  the  regulations  for  extended  order  formations  should  be  revised. 
As  a  result  an  improved  set  of  skirmish  formations  was  published  officially  by  Gen. 
Thomas  H.  Ruger  in  1898.(24) 

Shortly  after  the  beginning  of  the  Twcntioth  Century,  the  introduction  of  the 
Springfield  rifle,  model  1903,  the  changes  in  equiptment,  tcntagc,  etc.,  and  the 
changes  in  minor  tactics  and  tactical  organization  necessitated  a  new  system  that 
would  incorporate  previous  changes  and  the  newer  requirements.  Accordingly  in  1902 
the  Chief  of  Staff  directed  a  special  section  of  the  General  Staff  to  prcparo  a  re- 
vision of  the  infantry  drill.  This  revision  vras  thorough  and  practical  and  it  was 
not  accepted  and  made  official  until  Juno  23,  1904.  This  manual  differed  greatly  in 
appearance  from  the  drill  book  of  1891,  but  it  vras  made  up  largely  of  the  former 
drill  modified  by  the  manual  of  1895  and  Ruger' s  extended  order  drill.  The  note- 
worthy changes  that  it  introduced  were  due  to  tho  new  rifle,  and  to  the  new  method 

-4- 


for  effecting  turnings  and  wheelings  by  the  men  of  an  element  obliquing  as  separate 
echelons  into  line  instead  of  the  element  swinging  as  a  whole,  like  a  barn  door. 
Bayonet  exercises  were  dropped  and  the  setting  up  exercises  v.rere  reduced  from  seven- 
teen to  six,  due  to  the  introduction  of  Butt's  physical  drill.  For  purposes  of  in- 
struction there  were  introduced  "in  place  halt",  "as  you  -..-ere" ,"  resume  march"  and 
''to  the  rear  march1',  while  the  methods  for  marking  time  ,  kneeling,  lying  dorm  and 
rising  were  slightly  improved;  but  "right  forward,  fours  right1'  was  discontinued. 
Just  prior  to  1904  the  notion  that  the  bayonet  was  no  longer  an  efficient  weapon 
gained  official  credence.  For  this  reason,  and  the  desire  to  lighten  the  soldier's 
equiptment,  the  knife  bayonet  was  replaced  by  a  -worthless  rod  to  be  pulled  out  of 
the  barrel  casing  for  use  as  a  bayonet.  This  mistake  was  corrected  in  April,  1907 
when  the  manual  of  1904  was  changed  to  provide  for  a  new  knife  bayonet. 

By  1911  the  studies  of  the  General  Staff  had  effected  marked  improvements  in 
organization,  equipment,  and  in  troop  control  under  fire.  These  changes  required  a 
revision  of  the  infantry  manual  to  provide  for  the  new  pack,  etc., the  new  organiza- 
tion in  close  and  extended  order  and  the  fuller  and  more  rational  discussion  of  mi- 
nor tactics.  In  t  he  regulations  for  infantry  drill  made  official  on  August  19,1911 
we  have  the  present  drill  regulations  as  modified  a  little  during  the  past  few  years. 
In  these  latest  regulations  we  find  thai  the  formal  movements,  ceremonies,  etc.  are 
improved  but  that  they  are  almost  overshadowed  by  the  prominence  given  to  combat 
principles. 

Following  modern  tactics,  the  regulations  of  1911  do  not  prescribe  movements 
for  brigades,  and  regimental  drill  is  reduced  to  a  few  formations  for  ceremonies  and 
close  order  movements.  The  close  order  drill  of  1904  has  been  improved  by  the  rcin- 
troduction  of  "right  forward,  fours  right"  (right  by  squads),  by  the  full  step  be- 
ing taken  up  automatically  as  soon  as  a  unit  has  completed  a  turn  or  a  wheel,  and  by 
file  closers  being  posted  close  in  to  that  flank  towards  which  a  line  of  squads  has 
formed  column.  Right  by  twos  or  files  and  their  reverse  have  been  improved;  and  o- 
pening  and  closing  ranks  are  no  longor  required  oxcept  for  inspection  of  equiptment. 
Commands  have  been  somewhat  simplified,  and  more  emphasis  has  been  placed  on  signals. 
The  company  has  been  enlarged  and  provision  has  been  made  for  four  platoons,  with  a 
consequent  rcposting  of  platoon  leaders  and  guides.  In  the  manual  of  arms  "sling" 
and  "secure"  arms  have  been  omitted  and  "inspection  arms", "left  shoulder  arms"  from 
right  shoulder,  "fix  bayonets"  and  "charge  bayonets"  have  been  changed.  The  position 
of  the  soldier  has  been  made  moro  natural,  and  the  about  face  for  officers  was  exten- 
ded to  enlisted  men.  In  e:rtended  order,  deployment  has  been  changed  and  new  methods 
for  advancing  —  by  thin  lines,  and  column  of  files  —  have  been  introduced.  The  in- 
terval in  extended  order  has  been  reduced  from  two  paces  to  a  half  pace,  and  the  rally 
has  been  omitted.   The  normal  squad  may  have  a  number  of  additional  man.  Fire  con- 
trol has  been  changed  somevrhat.  A  sleeping  bag  made  of  the  new  poncho  was  described, 
and  a  new  shelter  tent  with  poles  roplaccd  b  y  riflos  was  prescribed  (modified  Sept. 
1>,14).  Due  toothc  introduction  of  the  new  pack,  model  1910,  inspection  of  equipment 
was  changed  (amended  Aug.  1916).  Provision  was  made  for  a  mounted  detachment  and  a 
machine  gun  company.  A  modernized  manual  of  the  bayonet  was  proscribed  February  20, 
1913*  In  1913  the  salute  was  restricted  to  the  right  hand  and  when  covered,  but  C. 
I.D.R.  No. 18,  Jan. ,1917  has  reintroduced  some  of  the  previous  methods  of  saluting. 
Uany  bugle  signals  have  been  replaced  by  arm  signals  (supplemented  llay,1916);  and 
sinco  1914  the  whistle  and  codo  signals  havo  been  changed  several  timos  and  the  arm 
semaphore  introduced. 

Summary:  The  changes  in  drill  during  the  past  contury  and  a  half  center  about 
the  increasing  effectiveness  of  arms  and  the  resulting  growth  of  skirmish  formations. 
This  extended  order  began  with  the  old  riflo  companies  but  was  not  developed  until 
after  the  Civil  war;  it  reached  its  maximum  tenuity  following  experiences  in  the 
close  country  of  Cuba  and  the  Philippines,  but  it  now  consists  in  a  more  compact 
linc(s)  whose  firo  and  discipline  can  bo  bettor  controlled.  The  regimental  units 
woro  frequently  increasod  in  size  causing  an  increasing  difficulty  of  control  in 
skirmish  formation,  henco  the  tactical  unit  passed  from  the  brigade  to  the  regiment — 
then  to  the  battalion.  There  necessarily  developed  a  system  of  signals,  first  by 
trumpet,  later  by  arm,  flag  and  whistle.  Close  order  drill  slowly  progressed  from 

-5- 


' 


on 


■  -\ 


>G*1    tT 


thb  cumberous  "evolutions"  of  the  old  French  school,  through  the  stiff  and  stately- 
battle  parades  of  Scott  to  the  quicker  and  more  direct  movements  of  Hardee,  and  fi- 
nally to  Upton's  method  of  wheeling  and  its  later  improvements.  Ceremonies  and  for- 
mations in  rank  have  not  changed  essentially,  but  a  more  rational  set  up  has  gradu- 
ally prevailed, and  the  later  drill  books  record  the  development  of  the  shelter  tent, 
improved  packs  and  other  material  conveniences.  In  the  manual  of  arms  can  be  traced 
the  changes  from  the  smooth  bore  muzzle  loader,  through  the  Minnie  rifle  and  the 
breech  loader  to  the  small  bore  magazine  rifle.  The  bayonet,  which  was  almost  dis- 
carded fifteen  years-  ago,  has  again  found  its  place  in  our  drill,  and  the  old  gren- 
ade companies  may  again  live  in  the  yet  unofficial  drill  for  bombing  squads.   The 
d£ill  regulations  have  broadened  out  to  include  the  elements  of  minor  tactics. 

COMPLETE  LITERATURE 

In  some  instances  I  have  boon  unable  to  list  all  editions  of  each  work.  Copies 
of  all  of  the  publications  arc  in  my  library  but  for  permission  to  see  some  editions 
I  am  indebted  to  Mcssors.  J.W. Cheney  and  J.  Edwin  Young  of  tho  Library  of  the  War 
College,  Washington,D.C,,and  to  the  Public  Libraries  of  St. Louis,  Now  York,  Boston, 
Philadelphia,  New  Orleans  and  San  Francisco. 

l.-A  new  manual  exercise  for  the  foot.  Very  useful  for  tho  army  and  militia* 
New- York:  Printed  by  Hugh  Gainc,  1759. 

Tho  Manual  Exercise,  as  ordered  by  His  Majesty  in  1764.  Together  with  plans  and 
explanations  of  the  method  generally  practiced  at  reviews  and  field  days,  &c«, 
by  much  the  best  and  complctcst  book  of  tho  sort  over  published  in  this  provin- 
ce, being  the  same  used  by  all  the  militia  of  this,  and  all  the  other  countios 
(but  the  northern  district)  in  this  colony.  By  Edward  Harvey. 
New-York:  Printed  and  sold  by  W.Wcynan,  in  Broad^Street,  1766. 

The  New  Manual  and  Platoon  Exercise  as  ordered  by  His  Majcstjr  in  1764:  with  on 
exercise.   By  Edward  Harvey.  New -York,  1769,  8-vo. 

The  Manual  Exorcise.. ..district)  in  this  colony.  By  Edward  Harvey. 
Mew  York,  Printed  by  Hugh  Gainc,  1773. 

The  Manual... .Field  Days  By  Ed...  Boston:  Printed  by  T.  and  J.  Fleet  at  the 
Heart  and  Crown  in  Cornhill.  (1774)  Pp.(39),(l),  2  folding  pi.,  4-to. 

Sane.  Massachussctts-Bay:  Boston:  Printed  and  sold  by   Isaiah  Thomas  at  his 
Printing  Office  near  the  mill  bridge  (1774).   Pp. (31),  8-vo. 

Sano.  Ncwburry  Port:  Printod  and  sold  by  E.Lunt  and  K.W.Tingos.  1774.  4-to. 

Sane.  Baltimore:  Printed  and  sold  by  M.  K.  Goddard,  1775. 

Same.  Philadelphia:  Sold  by  J.Hunphrcys,R.Bcll  and  R.Aitkon.MDCCLXXVI»Pp.35,8-vo. 

Sane.  New  York:  Printed  by  H.  Gaine.  1777.  Samo:  1780.  Pp.  35,  4-to. 
2,-A/Plan  of  Exorcisos,/for  tho  militia  of  /Massachus  setts  -Bay;  /Extractod/fron  tho 
Plan  of  Discipline, /of  the/Norfolk  Militia.  (By  TTilliam  Windham,  and  George 
1-st  Marquis  Townshcnd.)  Boston:  Printed  and  sold  by  Richard  Drapor,1768.  8-vo. 

Sane.  3-Ed.,  1771.  Pp.  92,  8-vo. 

A/Plan  of  Exercise, /Tor  the/Hilitia/of  the  Province  of  thc/Massachusots-Bay:/ 
Extractod/From  the  Plan  of  Discipline, /for  the/Norfolk  Militia/  Boston:  New 
England -./Printed  by  Richard  Draper,  Printer  to  His  Excellency/the  Governor  and 
the  Honorable  His  Majesty's  Council./  M,DCC,LXXII./  Sold  at  his  Printing- 
office  in  Newbury  Street. 

A  plan  of  exercise  for  the  militia  of  the  colony  of  Connecticut,  extracted  from 
tho  plan  of  discipline  for  the  Norfolk  militia. 
New  Haven:  Printed  by  T.  and  S.  Green.  1772.  Pp.  60,  12-mo. 

Sane.  New  London:  Printed  and  sold  by  Timothy  Green,  1772.  Pp.  (72),  12-mo. 

A/Plan  of  Exercise,/ Massachuscts-Bay:/  Fifth  Edition.  New  England:/ 

Draper's  Printing  Office,  1774.  Pp.  107.  8-vo. 

The  manual  exercise  as  ordered  by  nib  Majesty  in  1764,  and  now  generally 
adopted  in  Connecticut,  Rhode-Island  and  Massachusetts -Bay.  ITSw  Haven: 
Printed  and  sold  by  Thomas  and  Samuel  Green.  (1774).  12-mo. 
3.7A  plan  of  discipline  for  the  Norfolk  militia,  London,  1759. 
4 . -Regulations/for  the /Order  and  Discipline /of  the /Troops/of  the/United  States/ 

-6- 


. 


Part  l/Philadelphia:/Printed  by  Styner  and  Cist,    in  Second-Street ./tocCLXXIX. 
Pp.   154,(9),   8  folding  ;pl.,    12-mo.     A  Part   IFwas  never  published. 

For  the/fcse  of  the  Militia/of  Pennsylvania. An/Abstract  /Of  a  System  of>4.{iHtary 
Discipline :/Framed  by/The  Hon.  the  Baron  Steuben, /Major  General  and  Instructor 
General  of  the/Armies   of  the  United  States ./Approved  by/His  Excellency  General 
Washington. /Confirmed  by  the  Hon.   the  Congress./  Philadelphia: /Printed  by 
Francis   Bailey,    in  Market-Street.Al.DCC  .LXXIX./     Small  8-vo.,   Pp.   38. 

Regulations    ....Printed  by  Charles  Cist,  Fourth  and  Aroh  Streets.   1782. 
Pp.   77    (7)    iv,    8  plates,    12-mo. 

Same.  Hartford -./Printed  by  Hudson  and  Goodwin/  1782.  Pp. 136(6), 8  fold.  pi. ,17  cm. 

Same.   Hartford:   Printed  by  Nathaniel  Patten. (1783) .  Pp. 107, 8  fold,  plates,    12-mo. 

Some.  Boston:   Printed  and  sold  by  T.  and  J.  Fleet,   at  the  Bible  and  Heart  in 
Cornhill,    1784. 

Regulations  for   the  order  and  discipline  of  the  troops  of  Now  Hampshire    ....Ports- 
mouth:  New  Hampshire,   printed  by  Melcher  and  Osborne,   M,DCC,LXXXV.Pp.(37),    8-vo. 

Regulations    ...Printod  by  Charles  Cist,   Fourth  and  Arch  Streets.   1785.  8-vo. 

Baron  Steuben's  Regulations  for   the  order  and  discipline  of  the  troops  of  the  Uni- 
ted States:  which  have  not  only  been  adopted  by  Congress,   but  the  Several  Legis- 
latures throughout  the  continent  for   the  discipline  of  the  militia:  containing, 
besides   the  manual  exercise,   and  evolutions,    instructions  for  the  commandant  of 
a  regiment  down  to  a  private   soldier.  Embelished  with  eight  elegant  copper 
plates.    Hartford:   Printed  and  sold  by  Hudson  and  Goodwin.    1787. 

Baron  Steuben's    ....United  States.  New  York:   Printed  and  sold  by  Thomas 
Greenleaf,  No.   25  Water -Street .    1787.    (An  edition  with  modifications.) 

Regulations   for   the  order   and  discipline  of  the  troops  of  the  State  of  Vermont. 
Established  by  the  order  of  his  excellency  Thomas  Chittenden,   Esq. 
Bennington:   Printed  by  Haswall  and  Russell,    1787. 

Regulations    ....Compiled  by  Frederick  William  Steuben,    Inspector  General  of  the 
Armies  of  the  United  States.     State  of  Rhode-Island, etc .   Printed  at  Providence, 
by  Bennett  Wheeler,    1791.  Pp.    115,   plate   1,    12-mo. 

Regulations    ....United  States.   By  Baron  de  Steuben.      Hartford:   Printed  and  sold 
by  Nathaniel  Patten.  MDCCXCII     Pp.95, (l),   8  plates,   8-vo. 

Regulations    ....United  States/  The  First  Winsor  Edition/  Winsor/  Printed  by 
Alden  Spooner/  M,DCC,XCII.   Pp.   91,    12-mo. 

Regulations    ..../by  Baron  de  Steuben/Late  Majorgeneral  and  Inspector general   in 
the/ Army  of  the  United  States/  The  First  Worcester  Edition/  Printed  at 
Worcester  Massachussetts,/By    Isaiah  Thomas,   MDCCLXXXVIII.   Pp.96,    2   plates,    12-mo . 

Regulations    ..../Part  i/  Philadelphia:/  Printed  by  Charles  Cist,   No.    104,/ 
North  Second -Street,/  M,DCC,XCIV. 

Same.  Philadelphia/  Printed  by  E.   Oswald,  No. 156,  Market-Street,/  South, 
between  Fourth  and  Fifth-Streets ./ M,DCC,XCr.T. 

Regulations/  for  the/  Order  and  Discipline/  of  the/  Trocps   of  the  United  States/ 
By  Baron  de  Steuben/  Late  Major   General  and  Inspector -General  in  tho/  American 
Army/  Part  1/ The   Tenth  Edition/  To  which  is  added/  The/  Manual  Exercise,   and 
Evolutions/  of  the/  Cavalry:/  As  practiced  in  the   late  American  Army/  New- 
York  _  Printed  at  Greenleaf's  Press./  1794. 

Regulations    ..../evolutions  of  the  cavalry/  (Bennington)  Vermont,   Printed  by/ 
A.    Haswell,    1794/  1  plate,   pp.    7-94,(4),    8  plates,    1$$  cm. 

Regulations    .  .  .  ./  To  which  is  addled,/  An  Appendix/  containing  the/  United  States 
Militia  Act,/  Passed  by  Congress,  May  1792./  A  new  edition/  By  Baron  de  Steuben 
/Printed  at  Bo.iton;/by  I. Thomas  and  E.   T.  Andrews,/  Faust's  Statue,   no.  45, 
Newbury-Strc-l,/  1794 

Regulations    ..  ../  Part   i/  by,  Baron  de  Steuben/  To  which  are  Prefixed  the/  Laws  and 
Regulations/  for/  Government  and  Disciplining/  The  Militia  of  the  United  States/ 
and  the/  Laws  for  Forming  and  Regulating/  The/  Militia  of  the  State   of  New  Hamp- 
shire/ Published  by  the  order  of  the  Hon.   General-Court/  of  the  State   of  New- 
Hamprihire/  Portsmouth/  Printed  by  J.  Melcher   printer  to  the  state  of/ 
New -Hampshire ,    17S4 . 

-7- 


. 


Regulations    ..../  Part  1/  To  -which  is  addod:/  Rules  and  Articles  for  the  better 
Govern/nent  of  the  Troopc,   raised,   or  to  be  raised  and  kept  in  pay  by  and  at  the 
Expense  of  the  United  States/of  Ai;ierica/(Newbcrn)/  Printed  and  published  agree- 
able to  an  Act  of  Assembly/  of  the  State  of  North-Carolina./  By  Hodge  &  'Tills, 
printers  to  the  State,    179-i. 

Regulations    ..../  Containing  the/  United  States'   Militia  Act,/  Passed  in  Ctnrress, 
May,   1792/  A  new  Edition,    illustrated  by  eight  Copperplates,/  accurately  engra- 
ved./ By  Baron  de  Steuben/  Late  Major  General  and  Inspector  General  of  the  Arir.y 
of  the/  United  States  /  Printed  at  Exeter,/  By  Henry  Ranlet,   for  Thomas  &  An- 
drews/Faust's Statue,   No. 46,  Newbury-Street,   Boston./  MDCCXC IV.  Pp. 91,   12-mo. 

Regulations    ....Philadelphia/  Printed  by  Charles  Cist,  No.   104./  North  Second- 
Street/  M,DCC,XCV. 

Regulations    ....Steuben,?  Boston/  W.Norman,/  1802/  Pp.  73,1  If  .,9  fold  pi.,   16%  cm. 

Regulations  . . . ./  containing  the/  United  States  Militia  Act;/  together  with  the/ 
Law/  Organizing  the  Militia  of  the  State/  of  New-York,  «.s  now  amended./  an  im- 
proved Edition,  illustrated  by  Nine  new/  and  accurate  Copper  Plate  Engravings/ 
By  Baron  de  Steuben,/  Late  Major -General  and  Inspector -General  of  the  Army/  of 
the  United  States ./  Albany:/  Printed  for  Daniel  &  Samuel  Whiting/  1803. 

Regulations    . . . ./ Embelished  with  nine  copperplates   includ/ing  a  place  exhibiting 
the  various  motions/  of  the  Manual  exercise./  By  Frederick  William  Steuben/ 
Late    .../  Boston:/  Printed  for  William  Norman,/  Book  and  chart  seller./  1805 

Steuben's  Regulations    ..../  Illustrated  /By  a  Frontispiece  exhibiting  the  manual/ 
exercise,/  and  eight  other  copperplates,  Explanatory  of/  the  Movements  of  a 
company,/  Regiment  or  Battalion./  Boston:/  Printed  for  William  Pelham/  1807 

Regulations    ..../By  Baron  de  Steuben/  Late    .../An  improved  edition,    illustrated 
by  new  and/  accurate  copper -plate  engravings./  Albany:/  Printed  and  sold  by 
Backus  &  Whiting/  No.  45,  State-Street/  1807 

There  was  an  edition  in  Pennsylvania  German  printed  in  Germantown  about  1807. 

The/  Military  Companion:/  Being  a  System  of  Company  Discipline,/  Founded  on  the/ 
Regulations  of  Baron  Steuben/  Late    .../  Containing/  The  Manual  Exercise,/  Fa- 
cings, Steps,  Turnings,/  Wheelings,/  Miscellaneous  Evolutions,/  and  Firings/ 
Together  with/  Duty  of  Officers  and  Privates/  Designed  for  the  use  of  the  Mil- 
itia/ Second  Edition,  with  Additions  and  Improvements/  Newburyport:/  Published 
by  W.  and  J.  Gilman,/  Printers  and  Stationers,   and  Proprietors  of  the  Copy 
Right/  Sold  by  them,  wholesale  and  retail,  at  their  Book-Store  and  Printing 
Office,  West  end  of  Middle -St./  1808.     Pp.  4,   47,   2  pi.,    12-mo. 

The  military  assistant:   being  a  collection  of  company  discipline,   principally 
selected  from  the  writings  of  Frederick  W.  Steuben   ....by  Emery  Russell. 
Springfield,  Mass.,  T.Dickman,    (1812).  pp.  48,    18  cm. 
5. -The/  System  of  Discipline/  and/  manoeuvres/  of  Infantry,/  Forming  the  Basis   of 
Modern  Tactics :/  Established  for  the  National  Guards  and/  Armies  of  France/ 
Translated  for  the  American  Military,   from  the  edition  published  by  authority 
in  1805/  Philadelphia/  Printed  by  B.  Graves,  No.  40,  North  4-th.  St./    For 
William  Duane/  1807 
6. -The  American  Military  Library;   or,    compendium  of  the  Modern  Tactics  embracing   -. 

..By  William  Duane.  Philadelphia,   1809.  2  vols.,   8-vo. 
7. -Rules  and  Regulations/  for/  The  Field  exercise,/  and/  Manoeuvres/  of  the/  French 
Infantry,/  Issued  August  1,1791./  And  the  manoeuvres  added,  which  have  been 
since  adopted  by  the/  Emperor  Napoleon./  also,/  The  Manoeuvres  of  the  Field 
Artillery  with  Infantry./  By  Col.    Irenee  Amelot  de  Lacroix/  Late  Chief  of 
Brigade   in  the  French  service/  In  Three  Volumes/  The  third  consisting  of  plates. 
Arol.   1/  Boston/  Published  by  T.B.Wait  and  Co./  Court -Streejt./  1810.     8-vo. 
3. -The  Elements  of  War/  By  Isaac  Maltby/  Brigadier  General  in  the  Fourth  Ma3rsachus- 
setts  Division./  Boston/  Printed  by  Thomas  B.  Wait  and  Co./  1811.    12-mo., 
pp.  xxiv(l),208. 
9.-Smirke,  Robert     Review  of  a  Battalion  of  Infantry,    including  the  Eighteen  Man- 
oeuvres,   illustrated    ....New  York,   M.   and  W.  Ward,    1810.  Pp.  3,56,8.  8-vo. 
10. -Regulations/  for  the/  field  exercise,  manoeuvres,   and  conduct/  of  the/  infantry 
/  of  the  United  States;/  drawn  upaond  adapted  to  the  organization  of  the/  mil- 

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itia/  and/  regular  troops./  By  an  officer  of  the  amy./  By  order  of  the  Sec- 
retary of  War./  With  explanatory' plates./  Philadelphia:/  Printed  by  Fry  and 
Kannerer:/  1812.  Pp.  xv,(l),225.  34  folding  plates,  0-vo. 
Regulations  ..../  By  Col.  Alexander  Snyth./  By  order  .../  With  3(4).../  Phila- 
delphia,/ Published  by  Anthony  Finlay,/  and  Whiting  and  Watson,  New-York./ 
T.  &   G.  Palmer,  printers/  1012.  Pp.  xiv,225.  34  folding  plates,  0-vo. 
11. -A/  Hand-Book  for  Infantry:/  containing  The  First  Principles  of/  Military  Trai- 
ning for  Light  Infantry  . . -By  Willian  Duane/Philadelphia/1812 .  Pp.v,112,20.0-vo 

A/  Hand  Book  for  Infantry:/  containing  The  First  Principles/  of/  Military  Dis- 
cipline,/ founded  on  rational  method:/  intended/  To  explain  in  a  familiar  and 
practical  manner,/  for  the  use  of  the  Military  force  of  the  United  States,/ 
the/  Modern  Improvement/  in  the/  Discipline  and  Movement  of  Armies./  The 
Third  Edition/  By  William  Duane,  Adjutant  General  in  the  Army  of  the  United 
States/  Philadelphia/  Printed  for  the  author/  1813. 

Explanation  of  the  Plates/  of  the/  System  of  Infantry  Discipline/  for  the/  Uni- 
ted States  Army:/  According  to  the  Regulations  of  19-th  March,  1813. 
Pp.  18,32.  8-vo. 
12. -Rules  and  Regulations/  For  the/  Field  Exercise  and  Manoeuvres/  of/  Infantry,/ 

Compiled  and  adapted/  to  the/  Organization  of  the  Army  of  the  United  States,/ 
Agreeably  to/  A  resolve  of  Congress,/  Dated  December  1814./  Published  by  order 
of  the  War  Department/  New  York/  Printed  by  T.  and  W.  Mercein,  93  Gold  St./ 
1815./  2  vols. ,22  cm.  Pp. (5), 360,  40  plates.  Vol.  2  has  no  title  page. 

The/  Infantry  Exercise/  of  the/  United  States  Army,/  abridged/  for  the  use/  of 
the/  militia/  of  the  United  States./  Poughkeepsie:/  Printed  and  published  by 
P.  Potter,/  for  himself,  and  for  S.Potter  &  Co./  No.  5  5,  Chesnut-Street,/ 
Philadelphia./  1817.  Pp. (4  leaves), 10-156.  9  plates.  12-mo. 

Same.  /  Third  Edition,/  Corrected  and  improved/  Poughkeepsie:/  ..../  1019. 
13, -By  Authority/  Infantry  Tactics;/  or,/  Rules/  for  the/  Exercise  and  Manoeuvres/ 
of  the/  Infantry  of  the  U.S. Army/  Washington/  Printed  by  Davis  &  Force,/ 
(Franklin  Head )/Pennsylvania  Ave./l825.  2  v., 8-vo.  Vol. I, pp. 416.  Vol.11  has: 
Infantry  Tactics: /Explanation/of /the  Plates/Vol.Il/Wash.  ..22  cm.  ,91  p., 39  pi. 

Reprinted  as:  Rules  for  the  Exercise  and  manoeuvres  af  the  army  of  the 
Republic  of  Texas.  Austin,  Texas,  1836. 

Infantry  drill,  being  an  abridgement  of  the  system  of  tactics  for  the  infantry 
of  the  United  Stated,  lately  revised  by  order  of  the  War  Department,  and 
sanctioned  by  the  president  of  the  United  Statos.  With  explanatory  plates. 
Baltimore,  F.  Lucas,  jun'r.,  1825.  Pp.  xii,  9-196,  12-mo. 

Abridged/  Tactics,/  for  the/  School  of  the  Soldier,/  and  of/  the  Company;/  with 
some  few/  Battalion  Manoeuvres/  Taken  from  the  Systom  now  in  use  in  the 
United/States  Armies/  New  York/  Printed  and  published  by  John  W.  Palmer  and 
(o./  Corner  of  Pine  and  Nassau  St./  1826.  Pp.  xi,  115,  12-mo.  . 
14. -Abstract/  of/  infantry  tactics;/  including/  exercises  and  manoeuvres/  of/  light- 
infantry  and  riflemen;/  for/  the  use  of  the  militia/  of/  the/United  States./ 
Published  by  the  Department  of  War,  under  the  Authority  of  an  Act  of  Congross 
of  the  2-d  of  March,  1829./  Boston:/  Hillard,  Gray,  Little  and  Wilkins./ 
1830.  Pp.  138,  30  pi.,  18§  cm. 
15. -By  Authority/  Infantry  Tactics;/  or,/  Rules  for  the  exercise  and  manoeuvres/  of 
the/  United  States'  Infantry./  By  Major-General  Scott,/  U.S. Army/  New  York/ 
G.  Dearborn/  183^.  3  vols.,  64  plates,  14  cm. 

Same.  Philadelphia:  Thomas,  Coperthwait  and  Co.,  1835  (?). 

Same.  Nevr  York:  Harper  and  Bros.,  1840.  3  vols.,  64  plates,  13^  cm. 

By  Authority/..../  New  Edition./  By  ..../  New  York/  Harper  and  Brothers,  82  Cliff 
Street./  1346.  3  vols.,  14  cm.    S  amo.  1854. 

Some.  /Harper  and  Bros.,  Pub./  Franklin  Squair/  1855.  3  vols.,  14  cm. 

Same.  Boston:  Mussey  B.  P.  Co. 
16. -A/  Concise  system  of  Instructions  and/  Regulations/  for/  the  Militia  and  Volun- 
teers/ of  the  United  States,/  comprehending/  The  exercises  and  movements/  of/ 
The  Infantry,/  Light  Infantry,/  and  Riflemen;/  Cavalry  and  Artillery:/  together 

-9- 


trith/  The  manner  o£  doing  duty  in  Garrison  and  in  Camp,  and  the/  forms  of/ 
Parades,  Reviews  and  inspections/  as  established  ty  authority  for  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  Regular  Army./  PrepaLrcd  and  arranged  by/  Brovot  Captain  S.  Cooper „ 
Aid  de  Camp  and  Assistant  Adjutant  Goneral/  Undor  the  Supervision  of/  Major 
General  Alexander  Macomb./  Commanding  the  Army  of  the  United  States./  Phila- 
delphia:/ Robert  P,  Desilver,  ITo.  255  Market  Street/  1356. 
17. -Rifle/  and  Light  Infantry  Tactics;/  for/  The' exorcise  and  manoeuvres/  of/  Troops 
when  acting  as  Light  Infantry/  cr  Riflsmen//  Prepared  under  the  direction  of  the, 
TTar  Department/  by/  Brevet  Lieut. -Col.  TT.  J.  Hardee,  U.S.Army./  Riiladelphia:/ 
Lippincott,  Grambo  and  Co./  1055.  2  vols.,  16-mo. 

Same.  Courtenay  G.  S.  and  Co./  Charlestown,  S.  C.   12-mo. 

Same.  Richmond,  Va. ,  J.  17.  Randolph,  1061. 

Confederate  States  editions: 

Rifle  ....riflemen,  by  Brevet-Lieut. -Col.  T7.J.  Hardee,  late  of  U.S.Army.  Now  of 
C.S.Army.  Southern  publishing  house  of  Hulton  and  Freligh.  1061.  2  vols,  in  1. 
21  cm.  Has  omissions. 

The  only  copy-right  edition/  Rifle  and  infantry  tactios, /revised  and  improved  by 
Col.  F.J.Hardee,  C.S.Army./  1-st  Ed,/  Mobile,  S.H.Goetzel  and  Co.,  (1061) 
2  vols.,  folding  plates,  19  cm. 

Same.  By  Lieut .-Gen.  IT. $ .Hardee,  C.S.Army.  9-th  Ed.  Mobile,  S.H.Goetzel,  1C63. 
10. -By  authority./  U.S.  Infantry  Tactics,/  for  the/  instruction,  exercise,  and  man- 
oeuvres/ of  the/  United  States  infantry,/  including/  Infantry  of  the  Line, 
Light  Infantry,  and  Riflemen./  Prcparod  under  the  direction  of  the  TTar  Depart- 
ment,/ and  authorized  and  adopted  by/  The  Secretary  of  TTar,/  May  1,  1061./ 
Volume  I./  Containing/  ..../  for  skirmishers./  Philadelphia:/  J. B. Lippincott  & 
Co./  1061.  2  vols.,  13-|  cm.  Vol.  II  contains  School  of  tho  Battalion. 

Same.  1662.  2  vols,  in  1.,  14  cm.     Same.  1063. 

Abstract  of  infantry  tactics;  including  oxcrciscs  and  manoeuvres  of  light 
infantry  and  riflomon;  for  tho  use  of  the  militia  of  the  United  States.  Pub. 
by  the  Dept.  of  TTar  ... Philadelphia ,Moss, brother  &  Co. ,1661.  136  p.,  xx  plates. 

United  States  infantry  tactics  •...TTith  questions  adapted  to  the  text,  by 

Lieut. -Col.  H.B.TTilson.  Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott  Co., 1862.  Pp.  548,  16  cm. 

U.S. Infantry  Tactics,  for  the  instruction,  exorcise,  and  manoeuvres,  of  the  sol- 
dier, a  company,  line  of  skirmishers,  and  battalion;  for  tho  colored  troops  £f 
the  United  States  Infantry.  Prepared  undor  tho  direction  of  the  TTar  Department. 
New  York,  D.Van  Nostrand,  1863.  Pp.  445,  63  plates,  13-|  cm. 

Schuetzen/  und  leichte/  Infanterio  Taktik/  Enthaltcnd  die/  Schlo  des  Soldaten  und 
der  Compagnie,/  Das  Bajonct  Excrcitium/  und  Instruction  fucr  das  Excrcitium  mit 
den  Dcgcn/  nach  TT.J.Hardoc1  s  System.  Einzigo  vollstandigo  Ausgabc. 
Nov  York:  ....Joseph  TTiock  ....1863.  Pp.  5-192.  13.5  cm. 
19. -Duf field,  TTilliam  M.  School  of  the  Brigado  and  Evolutions  of  the  Line;  or, 

rules  for  the  exorcise  and  manoouvres  of  Brigades  and  Divisions.  Designed  as 
a  sequel  to  the  United  States  Infantry  Tactics.  Adopted  May  1,  1862. 
Philadelphia:  J.  B.  Lippincott  and  Co.,  1662. 
20.-Coppec,  Henry  The  Fiold  Manual  of  Evolutions  of  the  Lino,  Arranged  in  a  Tabular 

Form Philadelphia,  J.  B.  Lippincott  and  Co.,  1862.  Pp.  144,  24-no. 

21. -By  authority./  Infantry  tactics,/  for  tho/  instruction,  oxcrcisc,  and  manoeuvres/ 
of/  The  soldier,  a  company,  line  of  skirmishers,/  battalion,  brigado,/  or/ 
corps  d'armee./  by/  Brig. -Gen.  Silas  Casey,/  U.S.Army./  Vol.  I./  Schools  . . . ./ 
New  York:/  D.Van  Nostrand,  192  Broadway./  1862.  3  volc.,lS-mo.  Vol.  II  has 
School  of  the  Battalion;  Vol.  Ill  has  Evolutions  of  a  Brigade  and  Corps. 
22. -By  authority./  A  New  System/  of/  Infantry  Tactics/  Double  and  Singlo  Rani:./ 

Adapted  to/  American  Toppgraphy  and  Improved  Firc-Ams/  3y/  Bvt,  Major-Goner- 
al  Enory'Upton,/  U.S.Army./  New  York/  D.  Apploton  and  C«.,  443  and  445  Brtafi- 
-v/./  (el  18S6).  Pp.  iv,(n),lS2,  24-no. 

3a.no,  1367.  ?P»  3S2 ,  pi.  1*3,  14.5 -cm.   Same.  1W9<    Same,  1|71- 

-It- 


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By  authority./  ..../  Reviseddedition./  New  York:/  D.  Appleton  and  Company,/  549 
and  551  Broadway./  1880.  Pp.  viii,  8-(446).  24-mo.   Same.  1871. 

Upton's  Infantry  Tactics,  abridged  and  revised,  embracing  the  schools  of  the 
squad  and  company,  skirmishers,  inspection,  etc.,  being  part  of  a  work  on 
military  science  and  tactics  upder  preparation  for  the  cadets  of  the  Southern 
Illinois  Normal  University  at  Carbondale,  111.  By  Lieut.  Hugh  T.  Reed  .... 
Baltimore,  A.  W.  Reed  and  Co.,  1882.  Pp.  147,  13jj  cm. 

Same.  2-d  Ed.,  with  decisions  and  illustrations  from  1882  to  1886.  Chicago, 
New  York  ....Brentano  Bros.,  1886.  Pp.  176,  14  cm. 

Journal  of  the  Military  Service  Institute  of  the  United  States. Vols. XI, and  XIII. 

Brooks,  E.  C.  A  technical  criticism  of  our  infantry  drill  book. 

Journal  of  the  Military  Sex-vice  Institute  of  the  United  States. Vol. XVII, No. 97. 
23. -Abridgement  of  the  drill  regulations  for  Infantry.  Approved  by  the  Seoretiry  of 
War  September  28,  1891.  Prepared  by  the  Tactical  board  ....to  revise  the 
system  of  drill  for  the  army  and  milifcia  of  the  United  States.  Chicago, 
H.  T.  Reed,  (1891).  Pp.  216,  14  cm. 

Infantry/  Drill  Regulations./  United  States  Army./  Adopted  October  3,  1891./ 
Washington/  Government  Printing  Office/  1891/   Pp.  353,  (vi).  13  cm. 

Samo.  New  York,  Army  and  Navy  Journal;  Boston,  G.  W.  Simmons  and  Co.,  1891. 
Pp.  324,  v,vi.  13^  cm. 

Same.  $Icw  York/  D.Apploton  and  Company,  1893. 

Sane.  /(Special  Edition)/  Nov;  York/ Army  and  Navy  Journal/  1893.  Pp.  353,  44. 
l&jjr  cm.  Addonda.  Interpretations  of  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  United  States 
Army,  published  in  the  Amy  and  Navy  Journal  in  answer  to  inquiries,  and  ro- 
visod  by  their  author,  1st  Liout.  John  T.  French,  Jr.  New  York,  W.  C.  and 
F.  P.  Church.  1893.   Samo,  1895,  addonda,  62  p. 

Infantry/  Drill  Regulations/  and/  The  Manual  of  Arms/  with/  Ap  pendix/  Showing 
changes  to  June  1,1901: /Government  Printing  0fficc./l901.Pp.353,35,33.  24-mo. 

Revision/  of/  Interpretations/  of  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,/  U.  S.  Army/  by 
1st  Lt.  J.  T.  French,  Jr.,  4th  Artillery,/  New  York:/  Amy  and  Navy  Journal/ 
Washington,  D.  C./  Janes  J.  Chapman/  1893. 
24.-(Rugor,  Thomas  H. )  Extcndod  Order  Drill.  Infantry  Drill  Regulations.  (Wash- 
ington, Government  Printing  Office,  1898).  Pp.  76.,  24-mo. 
25. -Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  Unit  ed  States  Amy.  Revised  1904. 

Was  hington,  Government  Printing  Office,  1904.  Pp.  246.  24-mo. 

Samo.  By  authority  of  the  War  Department.  With  Addonda  consisting  of  Interpre- 
tations of  tho  Drill.  New  York,  Army  and  Navy  Journal,  (1904).  Pp.  245, (l), 
18.  14§  en.  Addenda:  Interpretations  of  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  United 
States  Amy.  Published  in  the  Amy  and  Navy  Journal,  in  answer  to  inquiries, 
and  revised  by  tho  presidont  of  the  Board  on  the  revision  of  the  Drill 
Regulations,  Col.  Fred.  A.  Smith. 

Same.  New  Edition,  with  the  latost  interpretations  approved  by  tho  General 
Staff  of  the  Army.  New  York,  Amy  and  Navy  Journal;  D.  Apploton  and  Co., 
(c.  1908).  Pp.  245,  30.  14^  cm. 

Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  United  Statos  Army.  Rovisod  to  1904  to  includo 
School  of  the  squad.  Washington,  Government  Printing  Offico,  1906. 
Pp.  iii, 9-60, 243-45.  14^  en. 

Spurgin,  William  F. :  Catechisnal  Edition  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  United 
States  Army.  Kansas  City,  Franklin  Hudson  Publishing  Co.,  1904.  Pp.  269, 
16-mo.  Second  Edition. 

Stewart,  II.  B.  and  Davis,  R.C.:  Notos  and  Suggestions  on  tho  Now  Infantry 

Drill  Regulations.  Kansas  City,  Franklin  Hudson  Pub.  Co.,  1905.  4th  Ed., 1909. 

Crane,  C.  J.:  Our  new  infantry  drill  regulations. 

Jour.  Military  Service  Institute  of  the  U.  S.,Vol.  36,  pp.  238-42.  1905. 

Irons,  Janes  A.:  Sane.  Vol.  36,  pp.  601-05.  1905 

Regan,  Janes:  Sane.  Vol.  36,  pp.  479-88,  and  Vol.  37,  p.  52.  1905. 

Crano,  C.  J.:  Infantry  Drill;  some  of  its  essentials. 

Jour.  Military  Scrvico  Institute  of  the  U.  S.  Vol.  37,  p.  245.  IMS. 

-11- 


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Infr.ntry/  Drill  Regulations/  Uniten  States  Army/  Rovisod   1904.   By  Authority  of 

the  War  Department/  With  addenda  consisting  of  Interpretations  of  tho  Drill./ 

Ntr  lidition  with  the   latest   Interpre  tat  ions  approved  by  the  General  Staff  of 

the  Arj-.y/ 

Army  and  Navy  Journal/  20  Vesey  Street, New  York/D- Apple ton  &  Co./  Pp. 242, 30, (l) . 

14.5  cm.,  (c.  1906), 
26. -Infantry  Drill  Regulations  United  States  Army  1911 

Washington,  Government  Printing  Office,  1911.  Pp.  208,  14.5  cm. 
Same.  Appendix,  pp.  (209-2120, (l)-4. 

Same.  With  corrections  to  Nov.  1913.  Wash., Gov.  ptg.  off.,  1914.  Pp.  246,  15  cm. 
Same.  C.I.D.R.(to  August  28,  1915)  inserted  at  end.  Appendix  C:  Manual  of  the 

bayonet,  1913. 
Same.  With  appendix  containing  interpretations,  cuts  illustrating  the  manual  of 

arms  and  manual  of  the  6aber  and  a  full  index  to  the  regulations.  (Special 

Edition)  New  York,  Army  and  Navy  Journal,  D.  Appleton  and  Co.,  (c.1911). 

Pp.  203,16,15.  14.5  cm.  Same,  (c.  1912). 
Same.  With  text  corrections  to  July  26,  1915j  changes  No.  11.  New  York,  Army  and 

Navy  Jour.,  (c.  1915),  pp.  246, (l), 16.  14.5  cm.  Special  appendix.  Interpretata- 

tions  of  infantry  drill  ....  W.  C.  and  F.  P.  Church. 
Same.  With  text  corrections  to  February  4,  1916,  changes  No.  13  ....  New  York, 

Army  and  Navy  Jour .,D. Apple ton  and  Co., (c. 1916) .  Pp.  5-247,16,16.  14.5  cm. 
Same.  Y/ith  annotations,  by  Lieut.  F.  H.  Turner  ....  Bismarck,  N.  D.,  Bismarck 

Tribune  Presses,  (c.  1914).  Pp.  226,  14.5  cm. 
Same.  With  annotations,  by  Lieut.  F.  H.  Turner,  including  changes  Nos .  1  to  10. 

Bismarck,  Tribune  Presses,  (c.  1915).  Pp.  256,  14.5  cm. 
Same.  By  Capt.  F.  H.  Turner.  Includes  changes  1-18.  U.  S.  Infantry  Ass .,  Wa6h.,D.C, 
Bjornstad,  A.  W« :  The  Infantry  Drill  Regulations,  1911. 

Journal  of  the  Military  Service  Institute  of  the  United  States.  Vol.  50, 

p.  £]9-32,  395-404. 


-12- 


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